直接引语和间接引语（一）
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”：直接引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语；用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：
Ⅰ. 句子结构、引语动词的变化
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直接引语
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间接引语
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She said to me, “I am very happy to be with you.”
He said, “I will choose a book for my students.”
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She said to me / told me (that) she was very happy to be with me.
He said (that) he would choose a book for his students.
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He asked me, “Do you like watching TV?”
He asked, “Are you sure your mother will come?”
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He asked me if / whether I liked watching TV.
He asked me whether / if I was sure my mother would go.
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He asked, “Where are you to get off, John?”
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He asked John where he was to get off.
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【归纳填空1】
1. 直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，引语动词的变化为：said to sb.可变为 ，也可 。
2. 直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，变成间接引语时，要把直接引语变成由 或 引导的宾语从句。
3. 直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的连接词，即 (who, whom, what, whose, how, when, why, where 等) 引导宾语从句。
Ⅱ. 人称变化
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直接引语
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间接引语
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He said, “I am very sorry.”
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He said that he was very sorry.
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“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.
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My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
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She said to her son, “I’ll check your homework tonight.”
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She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
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He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?”
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He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
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【归纳填空2】
1. 直接引语中的第一人称，一般变为第 人称；
2. 直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，就变为第 人称；
3. 直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三方说的，就变为第 人称；
4. 人称的变化包括人称代词、形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词等的变化。
总之，人称的变化不是固定的，具体情况具体对待，要符合逻辑（转述的意义不变、所指的对象不变）。
Ⅲ. 时态变化
1. 直接引语变为间接引语时，主句的谓语动词是过去式，从句谓语动词的时态作相应变化，变化如下：
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直接
引语
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一般
现在时
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现在
进行时
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现在
完成时
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一般
将来时
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一般
过去时
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过去
进行时
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过去
完成时
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间接
引语
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一般
过去时
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过去
进行时
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过去
完成时
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过去
将来时
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过去
完成时
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不变
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不变
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2. 直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等，主句尽管是过去时，变成间接引语时，从句时态仍然用一般现在时。例如：
They told their son, “The earth goes round the sun.”
→They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.
【即时练习1】完成句子，每空一词。
1. “I am very glad to visit your school,” she said.
→ She said she very glad to visit our school.
2. Tom said , “We are listening to the pop music.”
→ Tom said that they to the pop music.
3. Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?”
→ Mother asked me whether I my homework before I watched TV.
4. He asked the conductor, “Where I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?”
→ He asked the conductor where he should get off to change to a No. 3 bus.
5. “Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked.
→ The teacher asked why she to go there.
Ⅳ. 直接引语变间接引语时， 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、方向性动词等要作相应的变化。如：
1. 指示代词：this →that, these →those;
2. 时间状语：now →then, today →that day, yesterday →the day before, last year →the year before, ago →before, tomorrow →the next / following day;
3. 地点状语：here →there;
4. 方向性动词：come →go, bring → take等。
但是，如果转述时对话人双方就在原来的地方，或在说话的当天，就不必改变相应的时间状语、地点状语等。总之，对这些变化不能机械理解，应根据实际情况来决定相应的变化。
【即时练习2】
1. Excuse me. Can you tell me ?
A. where can I get to the library
B. where I can get to the library
C. how can I get to the library
D. how I can get to the library
2. He asked me .
A. am I a Party member or a League member
B. was I a Party member or a League member
C. if I was a Party member or a League member
D. whether was I a Party member or a League member
Keys:
【归纳填空1】
1. told sb (that); 不变 2. whether; if 3. 原疑问词
【归纳填空2】
1. 三 2. 一 3. 三
【即时练习1】
1. was 2. were listening 3. had finished
4. shall 5. had refused
【即时练习2】1. D 2. C 潜龙家教摘自《学英语报》，特此鸣谢！
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